Prodromal symptoms can begin several hours, or even one to two days before the other manifestations of a migraine attack with aura. They encompass sensations such as fatigue, difficulty concentrating, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light and/or noise, nausea, blurred vision, yawning, and pallor. The term ‘prodrome,’ now used in place of ‘premonitory phase’ or ‘premonitory symptoms,’ excludes the aura. Postdromic symptoms follow the resolution of the headache and can persist for up to 48 hours. Less studied than prodromes, these symptoms typically include fatigue and mood variations, alternating between elevated and depressive states.
Visual aura, present in over 90% of migraine with aura attacks, is often characterized by zigzag fortifications near the fixation point. It may gradually evolve to the right or left, sometimes taking a convex shape with a shimmering angular edge, leaving a scotoma in its wake. In children and adolescents, it may manifest with less typical bilateral visual symptoms.
The second common type of aura involves sensory disturbances such as tingling or numbness slowly moving over a part of the body.
Speech disturbances, although less frequent, are typically aphasic and sometimes challenging to categorize. Studies have revealed that many patients with visual aura may also experience sensory symptoms and speech disturbances. These aura symptoms can occur sequentially in the order of visual, sensory, and then aphasic, but other orders are also possible. Most aura symptoms last for about an hour, although motor symptoms often have a longer duration.